Personality disorders are defined as enduring patterns of inner experience and behaviour that deviate markedly from cultural expectations. According to diagnostic systems such as the DSM-5-TR and ICD-11, these patterns are:

•  Pervasive and inflexible
•  Stable across time and situations
•  Associated with significant distress or impairment
•  Evident from adolescence or early adulthood

They typically affect four core areas:

1.  Cognition – Ways of perceiving and interpreting oneself and others
2.  Affectivity – Range, intensity, and appropriateness of emotional responses
3.  Interpersonal Functioning – Ability to form and maintain relationships
4.  Impulse Control – Regulation of behaviours and urges

Types of Personality Disorders

Personality disorders are commonly grouped into three clusters based on shared
characteristics.

Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Disorders

These are characterised by unusual thinking patterns and social withdrawal.

•  Paranoid Personality Disorder: Persistent distrust and suspicion of others.
•  Schizoid Personality Disorder: Detachment from social relationships and limited emotional expression.
•  Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Eccentric behaviour, odd beliefs, and discomfort in close relationships.

Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disorders

These involve difficulties with emotional regulation, impulse control, and relationships.

•  Antisocial Personality Disorder: Disregard for rules, laws, and the rights of others.
•  Borderline Personality Disorder: Intense emotions, unstable relationships, fear ofabandonment, and identity disturbances.
•  Histrionic Personality Disorder: Excessive emotionality and a strong need for attention.
•  Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful Disorders

These are characterised by anxiety, insecurity, and fear of criticism or rejection.

•  Avoidant Personality Disorder: Social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy.
•  Dependent Personality Disorder: Excessive need for care and reassurance.
•  Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

When to Seek Professional Help
Consult a mental health professional if:

•  Relationship difficulties are persistent and distressing.
•  Emotional reactions are intense and difficult to manage.
•  Behaviour patterns interfere with work, studies, or family life.
•  There is chronic instability in self-image or identity.
•  There are recurring interpersonal conflicts.
•  Feelings of emptiness, impulsivity, or self-harm are present.

Early intervention significantly improves long-term outcomes