Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood and a marked loss of interest or pleasure in activities. According to standard diagnostic systems such as the DSM-5-TR and ICD-11, symptoms must persist for at least two weeks and cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or personal functioning. Depression involves disturbances in emotional, cognitive, behavioural, and physical domains, often associated with neurobiological and psychosocial factors.

Depression is more than just feeling sad or having a bad day. It is a persistent emotional state that affects how a person feels, thinks, and functions in daily life. Everyone experiences sadness at times, but depression lingers for weeks or months and interferes with work, relationships, and overall well-being.

People with depression often describe it as:

• A constant feeling of emptiness or heaviness
• Loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed
• Persistent fatigue or lack of motivation
• Feeling hopeless, helpless, or overwhelmed
• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

Common Symptoms of Depression

Emotional Symptoms

• Persistent sadness, tearfulness, or emptiness
• Feelings of hopelessness, guilt, or worthlessness
• Irritability or frustration, even over minor matters
• Loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities

Cognitive Symptoms

• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
• Slowed thinking or indecisiveness
• Negative thoughts about oneself, the world, or the future
• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Physical (Somatic) Symptoms

• Fatigue or low energy
• Changes in appetite or weight
• Sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleep)
• Unexplained aches, pains, or headaches

Behavioural Symptoms

• Social withdrawal and isolation
• Reduced productivity at work or school
• Neglect of personal hygiene or responsibilities
• Decreased motivation and initiative

If several of these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, professional evaluation is
recommended.

When to Seek Professional Help?
Consult a mental health professional if:

• Symptoms persist for more than two weeks.
• Daily functioning is affected.
• There is a loss of interest in life and activities.
• Sleep, appetite, or energy levels change significantly.
• There are thoughts of self-harm or suicide.

Early intervention leads to better outcomes and faster recovery.