OCD is classified under Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in diagnostic systems such as the DSM-5-TR and ICD-11. It is characterised by the presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both, which are time-consuming (typically occupying more than one hour per day) and cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or academic functioning.
Individuals often have insight into the irrational nature of their symptoms, although insight can vary from good to poor.

Core Components of OCD

1. Obsessions

Obsessions are recurrent, persistent, and intrusive thoughts, urges, or images that cause
significant anxiety or distress.

Common Types of Obsessions:

•  Fear of contamination from germs, dirt, or chemicals
•  Fear of harming oneself or others
•  Excessive doubts (e.g., “Did I lock the door?”)
•  Need for symmetry, order, or exactness
•  Unwanted taboo or intrusive sexual or religious thoughts
•  Fear of making mistakes or causing disasters

2. Compulsions

Compulsions are repetitive behaviours or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety or
prevent a feared outcome. These actions provide temporary relief but reinforce the cycle of
OCD.

Common Types of Compulsions:

•  Excessive handwashing or cleaning
•  Repeated checking of locks, appliances, or switches
•  Counting, repeating words, or praying silently
•  Arranging items in a specific order
•  Seeking reassurance from others
•  Avoiding situations that trigger anxiety

Common Symptoms of OCD

Emotional Symptoms

•  Persistent anxiety and distress
•  Guilt, shame, or fear
•  Sense of dread or unease

Cognitive Symptoms

•  Intrusive and unwanted thoughts
•  Difficulty concentrating
•  Excessive doubt and uncertainty
•  Fear of losing control

Behavioural Symptoms

•  Repetitive rituals and routines
•  Avoidance of triggering situations
•  Seeking reassurance
•  Difficulty completing tasks due to perfectionism

Physical and Functional Impact

•  Fatigue due to prolonged rituals
•  Skin irritation from excessive washing
•  Interference with daily functioning and productivity

When to Seek Professional Help
Consult a mental health professional if:

•  Intrusive thoughts cause significant distress.
•  Repetitive behaviours feel uncontrollable.
•  Symptoms consume more than one hour daily.
•  Daily functioning is affected at work, school, or home.
•  You avoid situations due to anxiety.
•  There is associated depression, anxiety, or social withdrawal.

Early intervention significantly improves treatment outcomes